Clinical impact of probiotics on the efficacy of <scp>anti?PD</scp> ?1 monotherapy in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer: A multicenter retrospective survival analysis study with inverse probability of treatment weighting

The gastrointestinal microbiota was reported as an important factor for the response to cancer immunotherapy. Probiotics associated with dysbiosis and bacterial richness may affect efficacy of immunotherapy drugs. However, clinical impact probiotics on in patients nonsmall cell lung (NSCLC) is poorly understood. outcomes 294 advanced or recurrent NSCLC who received antiprogrammed death-1 (PD-1) therapy (nivolumab pembrolizumab monotherapy) at three medical centers Japan were analyzed our study. We used inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) minimize bias arising from patients' backgrounds. IPTW-adjusted Kaplan-Meier curves showed that progression-free survival (nonuse vs use: hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval {CI}] = 1.73 [1.42-2.11], log-rank test P .0229), but not overall HR [95%CI] 1.40 [1.13-1.74], .1835), significantly longer probiotics. Moreover, univariate analyses nonuse use disease control odds [OR] 0.51 [0.35-0.74], .0004) OR 0.43 [0.29-0.63], < .0001). In this multicenter retrospective study, favorable anti-PD-1 monotherapy. findings should be validated a future prospective